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Illustration source: OSD BUWr 902296/II, Johann Samuel Hallens, Professors der Historie bei dem königlichen preußischen Kadettenchore in Berlin, Werkstäte der heutigen Künste, oder die neue Kunsthistorie, 1762

History of printing with BUWr

The history of printing is a fascinating story about the evolution of human communication, which impacted the development of our civilization. The print was invented in China by Bi Sheng around 1040 A.D. Bi Sheng used clay types that were movable and could be used multiple times. The method gradually evolved. Later, wood and metal was used to produce durable and easier to modify types. The technique spread in Korea, where the first metal typeface was invented in 1234. In Korea, in the 15th century, “Jikji” was printed. It is perceived as the oldest book printed with the use of movable metal types, that proceeded the Gutenberg Bible.

In Europe, the key moment for printing was the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg, which rapidly changed the way in which European culture developed. His improved technique of movable types and fast press started the mass production of books. It was crucial for the spread of knowledge. The Gutenberg Bible, from 1455, was his magnum opus. Nowadays, the book is included in the UNESCO’s list of the most important documents in the history of mankind. Due to Gutenberg, the printing technique spread around whole Europe. It led to the first printing houses being established in Venice, Paris, London, and other European cities. In the 16th century, the printing industry was well developed, books were cheaper than ever and far more accessible to the wider public.

The print had also an impact on the development of the Reformation or scientific revolution. Due to the rapid and widespread of texts, thoughts of, for example, Martin Luter and other reformers, were spread fast while they gained new followers. Scholars could share their findings and work with others, which boosted scientific progress. The 19th century brought another technological innovation in printing field, for instance, steam printing engine, which also increased production process. The 20th century is a century of offset and digital printing, which enabled higher speed and personalized printing.

The history of printing is not only a history of technology, but also culture, science, and society, all this being influenced up to this day.

Translated by Michał Bogucki (student of English Studies at the University of Wrocław) as part of the translation practice.

The project “Integrated Program for the Development of the University of Wrocław 2018-2022” co-financed by the European Union from the European Social Fund

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